Human Rights from Different Perspectives - 958 Words

These actions and behaviors oriented toward the common basic good are not limited to a particular population, but extend especially to the poor and vulnerable. Divisions between rich and poor grow daily, but the needs of the poor and vulnerable must be met first (Catholic Social Teaching). Optimum health is an ideal that should not discriminate, but supports health for all people. Because all human life is equally significant and should be equally respected, health is a state that all people should be able to pursue if they choose to do so. This ensures that all people have the option of being fully contributing members of society, not limited by illness or burdened by the expense of healthcare. Patients can be included in the category of ‘vulnerable’, as they are often uneducated about medicine and unable to help themselves. This claim is grounded in the principle that all human beings are united with one another. The human society is one community that must pursue just ice and peace for all of its members (Catholic Social Teaching). Catholic Social Thought says that we are all in solidarity with one another and as a result should promote the mutual basic goods of both ourselves and others. We may do so by conceding that healthcare is indeed a human right. A human right, as defined by the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, is â€Å"a right that belongs to an individual as a consequence of being human† and is an entitlement that all beings deserve. Healthcare is a human right thatShow MoreRelatedThe Blind Spot1319 Words   |  6 PagesIndividuals all view the world from different angles, each having different perceptions from a person standing within an inch of them. For instance, the way certain males view football as a ‘remarkable sport for legends’ differs greatly from what some women see it to be, a sport for ‘egotistic fools’. This idea of one not being able to fully comprehend a situation or topic identically also ap plies to the truth. Individuals tend to have diverse ways of inspecting the truth, as the absolute truth canRead MoreCompare and Contrast Hobbes’s and Locke’s Views of the State of Nature and the Fundamental Purpose of Political Society. Whose View Is the More Plausible? Why?1564 Words   |  7 Pagesboth natural law theorists and social contracts theorists. While most natural law theorists have predominantly been of the opinion that humans are social animals by nature, Locke and Hobbes had a different perspective. Their points of view were remarkably different from those perpetuated by other natural law theorists. On the other hand, Locke’s perspective of human nature wasn’t quite as fine as Hobbe’s, although it was much simpler to understand based on its logical foundation. This essay comparesRead MoreWhat Is More Harm Than Good?1721 Words   |  7 Pagestrafficked individuals’ human rights or Would U.K laws and policies on sex workers and trafficked individuals be more effective if society understood and accepted the problem? Research background and questions According to the United Kingdom Home Office, the anti†slavery legislation currently being upheld in the United Kingdom (hereinafter UK), uses the term modern slavery as a catch-all phrase when referring to the offences of forced labour, domestic servitude, human trafficking and slavery.Read MoreHuman Dignity and Universal Health Care Essay1421 Words   |  6 Pagesfinancial protection to all global citizens. Thus allowing every human a right to a standard living without separating citizens due to their disorder, illness or lifestyle. Human dignity can be explained as a form of inherent and self-worth, however this can also have the potential to be taken away from someone either by their actions or the society. I believe that the universal health care is extremely important in relation to human dignity, especially to those who are unfortunate to not have theRead MoreHuman Dignity in Relation to Universal Healthcare1814 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Dignity is complex there is no solid definition but similar words such as value and worth arise (ACU, 2014, 2.1.2) Many have different definition of what human dignity is these are two main categories of what human dignity means to people: Category 1 Some understandings of human dignity are based in the belief that it is something all humans already have, these are called â€Å"Attributed Dignity† (Weisstub and Dà ­az Pintos, 2008, p 27) - Because we are human, OR - Humans have special attributesRead MoreInternational Humanitarian Intervention : The United Nations1287 Words   |  6 Pages The post- Cold War Era there was an increase in non-military threats which included gross violation of human rights also not allowing humanitarian aid to be delivered to the people. The situation that happens in Somalia’s and Rwanda’s the UN saw this as threats to international peace and security.11 International Humantarion Intervention Liberal Perespective The liberal perspective on humanitarian intervention looks at the principles of political and moral philosophy. Political philosophyRead MoreObjective Reality Cannot Exist Without Subjective Reality840 Words   |  4 Pagesnot there are universal human values, and whether certain things should be considered right for everyone are very difficult questions to answer, we must be wary as to not insult different cultures, religions and societies. It has been concluded that an objective reality cannot exist without a subjective reality, in order to reach this conclusion, we must first consider that morality is wholly subjective, if this is so, we cannot call anything wrong, what we believe is right or wrong is simply an individual’sRead MoreThe Celestial Empire Of China And The Tributary System Essay891 Words   |  4 Pages Zewei explain The Confucian world perspective in China depended on the idea of the Celestial Empire of China and epitomized in the Tributary System. The Chinese perspective couldn t fit into the equivalent universal relationship affirmed among European nations. In the mid-nineteenth century, particularly after the Opium Wars, worldwide law set out on an enraged impact with Chinese customary Confucianism. Debilitated by powers of Western powers, the Qing government had no real option except to comeRead MoreThe Issue Of Human Rights1256 Words   |  6 PagesIn this paper I will focus on the subject of human rights. The recognition of human rights is widely seen as abstract, yet human rights affect daily lives worldwide. We can understand human rights and its initial role on politics through the example of higher rule denying citizens everyday rights, worldwide. In particular, I will compare and contrast the theoretical perspectives of liberalism and realism, and assess that human righ ts can best be examined through liberalism due to its ability to bringRead MoreUnocal in Burma1211 Words   |  5 Pagesinvestigation-whereas morality is the subject matter that ethics investigate† (Manual G. Velasquez). Here in this analysis we’ll try to differentiate the right and wrong in Unocal’s actions in engaging in the Yadana project from four different key ethical perspectives which are the Utilitarian, Rights, Justice and Caring perspective. 1. Utilitarian Perspective: â€Å"Utilitarianism is a general term for any view that holds that actions and policies should be evaluated on the basis of the benefits and costs they

Linguistic Imperialism - 5792 Words

The Linguistic imperialism of Robert Phillipson 1. Linguistic Imperialism 1.1 The spread of English The stated aim of Phillipson’s 1992 book Linguistic Imperialism was to set out how English became so dominant and why, and to examine the role ELT pedagogy had in contributing to it becoming â€Å"the international language par excellence in which the fate of most of the worlds millions is decided.† (Phillipson 1992 p.6) While many writers had tackled the question before no one had done so from the type of critical, socio-linguistic standpoint taken by Phillipson. Whereas for David Crystal, and other commentators, the rise of English is a largely neutral phenomenon, achieved â€Å"by repeatedly finding itself at the right place at the right†¦show more content†¦A practical example of linguicism given by Phillipson would be the allocation of resources or materials to one rather than another language or when a priority is given to one language for teacher training, curriculum development or school timetabling. According to Phillipson linguicism â€Å"refers exc lusively to ideologies and structures where language is the means for effecting or maintaining an unequal allocation of power and resources.† (ibid, p.55) Linguistic imperialism is a sub-form of linguicism, becoming manifest when â€Å"the dominance of English is asserted and maintained by the establishment and continuous reconstitution of structural and cultural inequalities between English and other languages.† (ibid p.47) Accordingly Phillipson sees the English language in and of itself as neutral but its exploitation by colonial and neo-colonial powers to exert and perpetuate their hegemony ultimately makes it culpable by association. Phillipson follows Galtung’sShow MoreRelatedEnglish And English Linguistic Imperialism977 Words   |  4 Pagesthere has been much discussion on the issue of whether English users are the victims of linguistic imperialism. Historically, English was regarded as a lingua franca and it has the same function nowadays (Kachru, 1985, cited in Jenkins, 2014). In addition, linguistic imperialism is related to English in this essay. Although English users could profit from the spread of English and ‘English linguistic imperialism’ indeed brings some advantages, some others still hold the view that English users areRead MoreLinguistic imperialism in Brazil Essays1349 Words   |  6 PagesLinguistic imperialism is a concept used by scholar Robert Phillipson, he mostly spoke about the imperialism of the English language, although this concept can be applied to all the world’s major international languages with imperialistic origins, when the original population had to adopt the invader’s language because of the benefits that accrue to the speakers of the languages when the dominant language has been imposed (Phillipson 31). Linguistic imperialism in Latin America started with the ‘discovery’Read MoreRisk And A Form Of Linguistic Imperialism1509 Words   |  7 Pagesdefined as a threat and it usually brings negative impacts to a person or an organisation. Hansson (2005) claims that many attempts have been made to define risk in a singl e meaning and eliminate other definitions which are futile and a form of ‘linguistic imperialism’. Since there is no exact meaning of risk, people describe risk based on their own perceptions and purposes. Perminova et al. (2008) and the Association of Project Management (APM) define risk as an uncertain event and exclusively negativeRead MorePartition and Scramble of Africa1582 Words   |  7 PagesGermany, Britain, France and Portugal. Africa was divided into 50 colonies without any regard for cultural and linguistic societies that were already established there which has led to conflicts between the independent African states after World War II. There were no representatives for the African states at the conference. THEORIES OF IMPERIALISM Conservative theory states that imperialism is necessary to maintain existing social order in more developed countries. In addition to secure trade marketsRead MoreThe Scramble for Africa Essay583 Words   |  3 Pagesover much land. The land they did have control over was costal; they were afraid to venture any further because of the high risk of malaria. Another factor was African tribes having a strong militaries. Africa was broken up into many ethnic and linguistic groups, each with their own religion. Some followed traditional beliefs while others converted to Islam and Christianity. Europeans and Africans traded some commodities such as gold, ivory, and spices. Africans kept Europeans under control and fromRead MoreEssay on Theory and Practice in Post-Colonial Literatures4270 Words   |  18 Pageshistorical time and the perpetual search for the determinants of a single, unified, and agreed meaning. The historical moment which saw the emergence of ?English? as an academic discipline also produced the nineteenth-century colonial form of imperialism (Batsleer et al. 1985: 14, 19-25). Gauri Viswanathan has presented strong arguments for relating the ?institutionalisation and subsequent valorisation of English literary study [to] a shape and an ideological content developed in the colonial contextRead More Colonialism and Imperialism - A Post-colonial Study of Heart of Darkness3270 Words   |  14 Pagesdarkness was here yesterday . . . savages, precious little to eat fit for a civilized man, nothing but Thames water to drink (9-10).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For Marlow, what is common between the Roman invasion and the British imperialism is a kind of mission without which the British imperialism would have been â€Å"just robbery with violence† (10).  Ã‚   Namely, Marlow focuses on an idea--an ideal slogan--which is employed to impose higher civilization on uncivilized world: What redeems it is the idea only .Read MoreThe Devastating Power of Western Colonialism Essay1762 Words   |  8 Pagesand status of the colonized is forever altered by the often cruel and violent actions taken by the colonizers during their initial struggle for influence, along with the long-term impacts that slavery, subjugation, cultural appropriation and linguistic imperialism have over a colonized region. Hegemonic rule and full-scale imperial endeavors defined English and France foreign affairs during the 19th and early 20th centuries. As the two largest imperialist superpowers of the time, France and BritainRead More Acco rding to Seamus Deane, Translations is a play about the tragedy1901 Words   |  8 PagesAccording to Seamus Deane, Translations is a play about the tragedy of English Imperialism. How far would you agree with this statement in relation to both Translations and Heart of Darkness? INTRO Although the location, language and structure of Brian Friels Translations differs unmistakably from that of Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness, the topic of colonisation remains central to both. While the supposed sophistication of civilised colonists is deconstructed in Conrads novellaRead MoreA Passage Of India And The Relations Of Power10531 Words   |  43 Pageswill relinquish all his privileges (Abu Baker, 2006: 81). #According to Ngugi wa Thiong o in Decolonising the mind: the politics of language in African literature, he affirms that: The biggest weapon wielded and actually daily unleashed by imperialism against the collective defiance is the cultural bomb [†¦][which] annihilate people’s belief in their names, in their language, in their environment, in their heritage of struggle, in their unity, in their capacities and ultimately in themselves.

Child Labor And Development Implications For Third World Education Essay Free Essays

string(39) " some households generate more income\." This essay will concentrate on development in Senegal and the social jobs that are keeping the state back from certain facets of their development. Issues, such as child labour, are prevailing in the big metropoliss of Senegal. I know this because I have had the chance to see Dakar while on my sailing boarding school. We will write a custom essay sample on Child Labor And Development Implications For Third World Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now We spent approximately two hebdomads in the metropolis and partnered with the university childs and a development group called SYTO Senegal. SYTO stands for Student A ; Youth Travel Organization. It is a non-profit organisation that is now used in many African states to raise consciousness and assistance in development. Some of the plans and enterprises that SYTO offers are: Volunteering, non-paid internships, cultural submergence and place corsets. All these different enterprises are meant to incorporate visitants and locals into larning from each other. The intent of our stay in Dakar was to distribute consciousness about different facets refering the development of their metropolis. We split into assorted groups all with different undertakings and duties for the two hebdomads. The groups dealt with environmental issues, wellness and sanitation, H2O preservation, finance and news media. Within our groups, we discussed thoughts, had guest adept talkers and visited some of the scho ols in the country. One of our primary ends was to educate the immature coevals about these pressing issues so that they could develop a passion for bettering their native land. We thought up originative thoughts like skits and games in order to exemplify these issues in a manner immature childs could understand. For illustration, the H2O preservation group created postings that displayed the H2O rhythm and set on a drama for the childs. Aside from the development undertaking, we besides had many chances to research the metropolis and dig deeper into the cultural norms of the state. I saw everything from the hustling markets to adult females selling their hand-made carpets and covers on the side of the streets. Despite basking their traditions, there is a more emotional and saddening side of the life style and we saw this in the many kid mendicants and poorness afflicted people in the metropolis. UNICEF defines child labour as work that exploits kids under unsafe working conditions. When kids are faced with these jobs it frequently takes off from prolonging their instruction. This relates to development because instruction is one of the factors that stimulate development. I will besides discourse more facets of Dakar ‘s development, like: the alteration of urbanisation and instruction rates, I will discourse how all these development factors have to make with the kid labour issue in Senegal. The importance of our development undertaking in Senegal was to expose the jobs in the state that are maintaining them from come oning. My definition of development is patterned advance and progressing the current province of personal businesss. Development besides refers to the economic, cultural and societal alterations that a state goes through to go more advanced in modern twenty-four hours. I witnessed the extent of exploitatory kid labour in Senegal, which gives me the passion to desire to happen out more and do anything I can to assist. I think that this is re levant to Global Development Studies because it is an issue of societal development that needs to be addressed. It is besides a human rights issue that I believe should be an international concern. In this essay I will reason that the child labour issues are procrastinating development, taking off from enriching the instruction of the immature coevals and ensuing in long-run damaging effects for the state. The Development Theory, as learned in the first semester of Global Development Studies, encompasses many sub-theories that all purpose to depict how alteration in a society can be achieved. Modernization theory describes a stratification of development phases and how to track a states advancement based on what they have achieved. Dependency Theory describes how â€Å" fringe † states depend on â€Å" nucleus † states for counsel and support through their development journey. These theories relate to the issues of child labour in Senegal because it is an international concern and is responsible for much poorness in developing states. Non-profit organisations, such as UNICEF, purpose to raise consciousness and money to back up the obliteration of exploited kids. They besides give hope to kids in developing states that are non able to foster their instruction because their milieus do non let them to make so. Bonnet ( 1993 ) writes about kid labour in relation to the failure of the instruction system in many African states. The article suggests that the deficiency of a structured instruction system and the sum of child workers are straight correlated. This could be because the school system can non back up the instruction needs so kids are frequently forced into exploitatory work at early ages to counterbalance for the deficiency of instruction. Harmonizing to Bonnet ( 1993 ) , there are besides many kids that drop out of school early because of force per unit area to supply another beginning of income for their struggling households. The article coins the rough â€Å" socio-economic environment † as something that contributes the increasing figure of child workers. Although this article reviews the predicament of Africa in general footings associating to child labour, it shows many issues refering development are related. As in Modernization Theory, a state can non accomplish the following degree of development without over-coming initial stumbling blocks. Bonnet ‘s ( 1993 ) article provided insight into how a state can travel â€Å" backwards † in the development procedure, and therefore, make more issues to postulate with. Some statistics form Bonnet ‘s ( 1993 ) article showed the GDP in many of the African states as being rather low. This is decidedly a pressuring factor for most dwellers of these states, as they have to populate under these conditions and experience the full consequence of the missing economic system. Exploitative kid labour is a manner that some households generate more income. You read "Child Labor And Development Implications For Third World Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" Developmentally, this is an international issue and it oversteps many moral boundaries that have been constructed by the developed universe. Forastieri ( 1992 ) suggests that there are socio-economic factors that create the increasing statistic of child labour happening in the universe today. Many jobs associated with being in a underdeveloped state lend to the oncoming of child development. Forestieri ( 1992 ) explains that many kids populating in these destitute states frequently have no other option to supply nutrient for themselves and household. She talks about the relation between a state ‘s economic development and the deficiency of instruction taking to many kids being forced into child labour and other signifiers of kid maltreatment. The article besides talks about the certain conditions that are present in many developing states and how it presents a jeopardy to youth. The bulk of exploitatory kid work begins at a immature age, which violates developmental phase in the kid ‘s life. Forastieri ( 1992 ) acknowledges that the solution to the job is long-run. Problems of development, such as economic sys tem, wellness, safety and instruction have to be addressed foremost to give households an option to subjecting their kids to exploitatory work. The article coins child labour as â€Å" the merchandise of poorness † , which describes the nexus to development that is most of import to understand the issue. The international universe and the developed universe has an duty to convey these destitute states out of the utmost poorness that is taking to decease, disease and development. For illustration, an article in The Vancouver Sun ( 2007 ) discusses child labour as a regular happening in West Africa. It discusses the chocolate farms in many West African states and how we, in the developed universe, are able to hold our favourite cocoa at our disposal anytime we want. The article states that kids under 14 old ages of age are forced to work on these chocolate plantations under backbreaking conditions. It mentions a statistic that three per centum of the universe ‘s chocolate production is harvested under the worst signifiers of child labour. This should do the developed universe think about how they may be indirectly advancing the usage of immature kids as labourers in these West African states. The article in The Vancouver Sun ( 2007 ) goes on to depict the worst signifiers of child labour. Some kids are being sold to husbandmans and are frequently lured by false promises of hope once they do what they are told. It is a job that this is happening every twe nty-four hours in our universe. However, there are things that we can make to seek and advance good working conditions and the importance of child instruction instead than maltreatment. From development position, there are many things that we can make to seek and excite improved conditions. The article references â€Å" Fair Trade † , which represents a merchandise that has been grow under good and humanist conditions. The developed universe seldom thinks about the impact that traveling out to purchase a confect saloon can hold. That confect saloon could possible stand for long hours that a immature kid has spent on the chocolate farms. It is our duty to do certain that we educate ourselves about how some of the merchandises we consume are made. Grootaert ( 1995 ) provides some statistics of child labour in some West African states. He shows that 52 per centum of kids in Senegal are involved in kid exploitatory labour. The high per centum shows that the state has hapless economic agencies and hence people have to prosecute in these Acts of the Apostless in order to do adequate money to hardly acquire by. Grootaert ( 1995 ) suggests ways in which the horrors of child labour can be lessened, doing manner for new chances of growing for developing states every bit good as the international universe. First and first, he suggests that statute law would be the figure one opposite number to conflict kid maltreatment. Ways to excite economic system and ways to authorise the kids and their households are other things that the article references that could assist to eliminate child labour. It is an international concern how the strains and force per unit areas that cause child maltreatment in developing states finally lead to the decre asing value of instruction and attention for the environment. The obliteration of kid maltreatment in the work force is going a urgent issue and there are many organisations that are entirely aimed at distributing consciousness and raising money to assist to battle the development. Myrstad ( 1999 ) discusses the function of trade brotherhoods in contending child labour. They have the perfect platform to prosecute people and to raise consciousness about the horrors of child development and to emphasize the importance of instruction as a necessity. On an international graduated table, the article references that trade brotherhoods have the capacity to mobilise the populace. Myrstad ( 1999 ) mentions the chief trade brotherhood scheme to contend kid labour, which is corporate bargaining. Trade brotherhoods can efficaciously utilize bargaining schemes to negociate certain codifications of behavior that employers must follow. Myrstad ( 1999 ) outlines the power trade brotherhoods have to intercede the occurrences between some companies in the underd eveloped universe and the developed universe. They can negociate just trade and spread consciousness about the importance of just work sing all facets, but particularly when it comes to kids. Another article ( Anonymous, 2001 ) on West African chocolate production negotiations about the ground why some husbandmans feel that they have to inscribe kids in the slave labour. This is relevant to development because it helps one solve an issue if we know what may be doing the job. The article says that West African husbandmans blame transnational companies for their low monetary values. So in order to earn a net income they must enlist inexpensive work by kids. This is much like a rhythm that will non stop if the roots of poorness are non solved in these states. The international community has the duty of puting down statute law via political leaders that can assist to eliminate child bondage in the underdeveloped universe. There are state of affairss that cause the oncoming of child labour and things that are effects. Many of these convergences because, as antecedently stated, it all becomes a rhythm. Poor instruction system, deficiency of employment and rampant disease are th ings that all cause people to fall back to cheap labour to do ends meet. The deficiency of instruction, which leads to a coevals that can non make, better than the last, is a major effect of child labour. If our universe is genuinely going a globalized universe so we must all set the load of this on our shoulders and assist back up the attempts made to cut down the job. An article in The Financial Times ( 1999 ) references that the International Labor Organization says that the riddance of all child labour is unrealistic. However, they say that it is more realistic to turn to the worst signifiers first- such as trafficking. They say that doing instruction a precedence and beef uping the instruction system is what will assist. The article acknowledges that in some of these developing states there is no other agencies of income coming into households, as the parents are excessively old or ill. This is what is so distressing because it is non just to do these kids pay for the fact that they were born into this environment. Through the media, many of us know the state of affairs in the Third World and are cognizant of how some people are enduring. Miller and Ross ( 1998/1999 ) talk about â€Å" Development Week † and how it engages pupils to what is go oning in the universe around them. As we have learned, instruction is the most of import for cognition and patterned advance. By transfusing these values in their pupils, these instructors believe that it will do alteration. One of the ways that they involve pupils is to emphasize the importance of â€Å" a strong sense of partnership between the North and the South † ( Miller and Ross, 1998,1999 ) . This makes manner for international voluntary activities and engagement. My trip to Senegal was one of those edifying minutes where we saw things we had ne’er earlier. The trip caused us all to reflect on our ain lives and what we have. Many people in the word do non hold half of what a batch of people in The First World do. There is a ba tch that we can make to demo our engagement and passion in many facets of development. Volunteering, fund-raising and child sponsorship are all ways that we can get down to turn a negative state of affairs into something positive. To reason, exploitatory kid labour in the underdeveloped universe creates many reverses that stall development. Development is classified as traveling frontward economically and socially. Poor instruction is a chief factor in the start of immature kid labour. The immature coevals is being stripped of the ability to acquire an instruction. Some deductions of my findings on this subject are that poorness and socio-economic position is straight related the sum of kids that are being exploited. Some of the positive deductions are the things that trade brotherhoods and the international community can make to decrease the job. The deductions for development environing this subject is that an issue can non be solved or wholly eradicated till more cardinal issues are addressed. The international community should be concerned with exploitatory kid labour in Africa because it is a human rights issue. How to cite Child Labor And Development Implications For Third World Education Essay, Essay examples

Dowry Prose Analysis Essay Example For Students

Dowry Prose Analysis Essay The Dowry A Prose Analysis The meaning of a dowry is the property that a wife or wifes family gives to the husband upon marriage. In certain societies the dowry formed a part of an exchange of wealth between intermarrying families; it was often accompanied by some payment made by the groom to the brides family, called the bride-price. 1 In Indonesia we are more familiar with the term in our language â€Å"mas-kawin†. Dowry is closer in meaning to Padangnese custom. Although recognized in common law, and often forming an important element in the arrangement known as a marriage settlement in the United Kingdom, the dowry is almost unknown in the United States. In most countries, it constitutes a distinct and important form of property. The dowry is given to the husband, who has exclusive control and administration of it during marriage, to be employed in defraying the expenses of the family. The dowry may also serve as insurance against bad treatment of the wife by the husband; it must be forfeited to the wife or wifes family in case of divorce. The wife may not deprive the husband of its control, and he, on the other hand, is bound to protect the property that he receives as dowry. 2 The characters in Dowry are telling traits (behavior or personalities) (characterization by the author). They both are flat characters meaning that their characterization stays the same from the beginning to the end. Simon Lebrument, the groom, is a handsome man, stylish (in a provincial way or unsophisticated) but for the town of Boutignys standard he is stylish indeed. He is also a practicing lawyer who had bought a private practice of Papillon in Paris. Jeanne Cordier is graceful and fresh-looking although a trifle awkward (the author, Guy de Maupassant could be subtracting Cordiers grace a little). Then, he adds that she is a handsome girl (a dated term applied to a woman who is also very well-groomed and from an upper class background). 3 She is a catch because she has three hundred thousand francs in currency and in bonds (around 45734. 7 Euro). It is a perfect match on paper, so the wedding commenced. Up to here it is safe to say that the writer is finishing his exposition of the characters. The setting of Dowry is a mirror of prevailing mood. Maupassant was really clever in reflecting the mood of different events in the prose. In the beginning, the marriage of the young couple is described as turning Boutigny topsy-turvy. The following domestic felicity is very happy indeed. Jeanne adores her husband, Simon, the happy groom that he is, caresses his wife from morning to night and night to morning. The scene where the young couple boards the train also reflects an anxiety any parents have. Father Cordier asks Simon if his actions carrying the lump sum dowry is prudent. The boarding of the train seems rushed. The one hour journey is also hastened by the presence of the two old ladies which prevents the couple to say little to each other. I think Moupassant describes the suspense part of the plot right from when Simon asks Jeanne to get the dowry to after the couple get off the train. It has a feeling of rushed and not very well planned especially by Jeanne Cordier. Maybe, thats how Simon Lebrument work. He surely has dishonest intentions but cleverly he is able to mask it with his imminent purchase of a law practice. In another part of the prose, Maupasssant frames Jeanne Cordier as a naive, small city minded lady, who is used to the straight-forward life. The setting in which Jeanne Cordier is cast simultaneously paired with Simon Lebruments big city mentality. Simon even talk Jeanne into saving a penny or two when they get on an omnibus instead of a taxi. The big city mold rolls over small city mold so smoothly that Jeanne is left befuddled on the bus final destination, Vaugirard. That sense of helplessness leaves Jeanne Cordier with the only way she can find shelter, her cousin Barrals house. .u063e529e0aa18a6f0192601e354e6a46 , .u063e529e0aa18a6f0192601e354e6a46 .postImageUrl , .u063e529e0aa18a6f0192601e354e6a46 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u063e529e0aa18a6f0192601e354e6a46 , .u063e529e0aa18a6f0192601e354e6a46:hover , .u063e529e0aa18a6f0192601e354e6a46:visited , .u063e529e0aa18a6f0192601e354e6a46:active { border:0!important; } .u063e529e0aa18a6f0192601e354e6a46 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u063e529e0aa18a6f0192601e354e6a46 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u063e529e0aa18a6f0192601e354e6a46:active , .u063e529e0aa18a6f0192601e354e6a46:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u063e529e0aa18a6f0192601e354e6a46 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u063e529e0aa18a6f0192601e354e6a46 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u063e529e0aa18a6f0192601e354e6a46 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u063e529e0aa18a6f0192601e354e6a46 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u063e529e0aa18a6f0192601e354e6a46:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u063e529e0aa18a6f0192601e354e6a46 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u063e529e0aa18a6f0192601e354e6a46 .u063e529e0aa18a6f0192601e354e6a46-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u063e529e0aa18a6f0192601e354e6a46:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Multiculturalism EssayAll the questions that pop up in her mind can now, probably be answered. With enough money to take a cab, Jeanne escapes her difficult situation into a safe, family setting. Right after she step off the cab she couldnt help but pour all of her problems out to Henry Barral. The setti ng in front of Henrys house must be safe enough in the morning before people go to work, because there is where Jeanne pour her heart out. Maupassant ends Jeannes troubles by having Henry push her gently to the vestibule of his house. Lead her up the stairs to meet his maid Henry orders his servant, Sophie to fetch two lunch from the estaurant because hes not going to the office that day. A conflict is very quickly presented to the couple right after they arrive in Paris. It is an external conflict between Lebrument and Cordier. To take the omnibus or to take the cab. As a young woman, Jeanne is prudent to want to take a cab because they are carrying the dowry and the travel luggage. It is a sign of Victorian virtue for a woman to agree to the husband. Jeanne after being scolded smilingly agrees to Simon in saving money by taking an omnibus. If I were Jeanne, I would brought up the large sum of money Simon had with him. Is it wise saving five times six cents to losing three hundred thousand francs? A smoking excuse made it easy for Simon to board the omnibus and to ride on top. Again Jeanne can also go on top on the next stop but she does not. Jeanne has a lot of reasons to change seats in the omnibus. Her heart and mind also speaks to her loudly. But the conditions inside the omnibus seems to stupefy her. Her sense of smell is attacked by the fat man who smells cheap tobacco and an old woman who smells of garlic. Her sight registers a collection of caricatures being jolted inside the wagon looking stupefied. Her mind begins to question why hadnt her husband come inside with her. I think Jeanne is a woman with a trusting personality or even naive. If she were not, she should ask the conductor right away to stop at her destination, which is the Boulevard des Italiens. It is safer to hold on to the man you love, I think is the safest action that she could have taken. It must be a terrifying feeling to be Jeanne Cordier when she realizes that the top of the omnibus is empty. The conductor doesnt even try to comfort her. He says those harsh words that her husband has gotten rid of her and laughs. An Inspector (police, I presume) hears her crying out loud and assesses the situation but only to say that it is nothing, Jeanne should go about her business. This surely is the climax of the plot. Maupassant has another idea, he wants Jeanne to walk or to find a comforting voice. Jeanne Cordier gathers her confused self, spends her last francs and takes a cab to her cousin, Henry Barral. She catches him on time before him leaving to the office. The setting of the conversation between Jeanne and Henry is in front of Henrys house but Henrys attitude is so different than Simons. There is no rushing, Henry is so thoughtful, patient and clear minded. It is as if Guy is rebuilding a calmer suspense sequence contrasting the suspense he has in the beginning of the prose. Henry, in contrast to the conductor, tells Jeanne the worst case scenario without belittling her. Now, Jeanne could say the ugly truth to herself and her cousin before fainting to Henrys shoulder and wept. A comforting resolution in the form of an open ending. An open ending that makes this short story a classic. Dowry is told in the third-person point of view because Guy uses the characters as subjects of most of the sentences. .uce4b308b659b85a81e20d30b1f6d27c3 , .uce4b308b659b85a81e20d30b1f6d27c3 .postImageUrl , .uce4b308b659b85a81e20d30b1f6d27c3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uce4b308b659b85a81e20d30b1f6d27c3 , .uce4b308b659b85a81e20d30b1f6d27c3:hover , .uce4b308b659b85a81e20d30b1f6d27c3:visited , .uce4b308b659b85a81e20d30b1f6d27c3:active { border:0!important; } .uce4b308b659b85a81e20d30b1f6d27c3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uce4b308b659b85a81e20d30b1f6d27c3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uce4b308b659b85a81e20d30b1f6d27c3:active , .uce4b308b659b85a81e20d30b1f6d27c3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uce4b308b659b85a81e20d30b1f6d27c3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uce4b308b659b85a81e20d30b1f6d27c3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uce4b308b659b85a81e20d30b1f6d27c3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uce4b308b659b85a81e20d30b1f6d27c3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uce4b308b659b85a81e20d30b1f6d27c3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uce4b308b659b85a81e20d30b1f6d27c3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uce4b308b659b85a81e20d30b1f6d27c3 .uce4b308b659b85a81e20d30b1f6d27c3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uce4b308b659b85a81e20d30b1f6d27c3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: 300 Movie EssayThe style of this prose is part formal language (Dowry is originally written in French, therefore I presume translated into English), and part dialogues. The plot in the Dowry is linear and chronological, it makes for a clear, quick reading. The characters are deceivingly complex, as Simon Lebrument isnt involved in the climax and resolution, even though he is a master manipulator. The theme of this prose is that innocence when confronted with a manipulative character ends up in exploitation of both riches and in trust. Maybe, a form of education is also introduced here. Any would be married couple should make sure that the base or foundation of the marriage is solid and the relationship is based on mutual affection and need. Love alone may not be enough to have a good marriage, and Jeanne Cordier is proof of that. Reference: 1, 2. Microsoft  ® Encarta  ® Reference Library 2005.  © 1993-2004 Microsoft Corporation. 3. http://www. urbandictionary. com/define. php? term=Handsome%20Woman 4. Minderop, Albertine. Metode Karakterisasi Telaah Fiksi, Edisi 1, Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 2005.

The Difference between a Leader and a Manager

The Annapolis Convention of 1786

The Annapolis Convention of 1786 The Annapolis Convention was an early American national political convention held at Manns Tavern in Annapolis, Maryland, on September 11- 14, 1786. Attended by twelve delegates from the five states of New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Virginia, the convention was called to address and remove the self-serving protectionist trade barriers each state had independently established. With the United States government still operating under the state power-heavy Articles of Confederation, each state was largely autonomous, with the central government lacking any authority to regulate trade between and among the various states. While the states of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and North Carolina had appointed delegates to the Annapolis Convention, the failed to arrive in time to participate. The other four of the 13 original states, Connecticut, Maryland, South Carolina, and Georgia, refused or chose not to take part. Though it was comparatively small and failed to accomplish its intended purpose, the Annapolis Convention was a major step leading to the creation of the U.S. Constitution and the current federal government system. The Reason for the Annapolis Convention After the end of the Revolutionary War in 1783, the leaders of the new American nation took on the daunting job of creating a government capable of fairly and efficiently meeting what they knew would be an ever-growing list of public needs and demands. America’s first attempt at a constitution, the Articles of Confederation, ratified in 1781, created a rather weak central government, leaving most powers to the states. This resulted in a series of localized tax rebellions, economic depressions, and problems with trade and commerce that the central government was unable to resolve, such as: In 1786, a dispute over alleged economic injustices and suspension of civil rights by the state of Massachusetts resulted in Shays Rebellion, an often violent dispute in which protestors were eventually subdued by a privately raised and funded militia.  In 1785, Maryland and Virginia engaged in a particularly nasty dispute over which state should be allowed to profit from the commercial use of the rivers that crossed both states. Under the Articles of Confederation, each state was free to enact and enforce its own laws regarding trade, leaving the federal government powerless to deal with trade disputes between different states or to regulate interstate commerce. Realizing that a more comprehensive approach to the powers of the central government was needed, the Virginia legislature, at the suggestion of future fourth President of the United States James Madison, called for a meeting of delegates from all of the existing thirteen states in September 1786, in Annapolis, Maryland. The Annapolis Convention Setting Officially called as a Meeting of Commissioners to Remedy Defects of the Federal Government, the Annapolis Convention was held September 1114, 1786 at Manns Tavern in Annapolis, Maryland. A total of only 12 delegates from just five states- New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Virginia – actually attended the convention. New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and North Carolina had appointed commissioners who failed to arrive in Annapolis in time to attend, while Connecticut, Maryland, South Carolina, and Georgia chose not to participate at all. Delegates who attended the Annapolis Convention included: From New York: Egbert Benson and Alexander HamiltonFrom New Jersey: Abraham Clark, William Houston, and James SchuremanFrom Pennsylvania: Tench CoxeFrom Delaware: George Read, John Dickinson, and Richard BassettFrom Virginia: Edmund Randolph, James Madison, and St. George Tucker The Results of the Annapolis Convention On September 14, 1786, the 12 delegates attending the Annapolis Convention unanimously approved a resolution recommending that Congress convene a broader constitutional convention to be held the following May in Philadelphia for the purpose of amending the weak Articles of Confederation to rectify a number of serious defects. The resolution expressed the delegates’ hope that the constitutional convention would be attended by representatives of more states and that the delegates would be authorized to examine areas of concern broader than simply laws regulating of commercial trade between the states. The resolution, which was submitted to Congress and the state legislatures, expressed the delegates’ deep concern regarding â€Å"important defects in the system of the Federal Government,† which they warned, â€Å"may be found greater and more numerous than even these acts imply.† With only five of the thirteen states represented, the authority of the Annapolis Convention was limited. As a result, other than recommending the calling of a full constitutional convention, the delegates attending the delegates took no action on the issues that had brought them together. â€Å"That the express terms of the powers of your Commissioners supposing a deputation from all the States, and having for object the Trade and Commerce of the United States, Your Commissioners did not conceive it advisable to proceed on the business of their mission, under the Circumstances of so partial and defective a representation,† stated the convention’s resolution. The events of the Annapolis Convention also prompted eventual first President of the United States George Washington to add his plea for a stronger federal government. In a letter to fellow Founding Father James Madison dated November 5, 1786, Washington memorably wrote, â€Å"The consequences of a lax, or inefficient government, are too obvious to be dwelt on. Thirteen Sovereignties pulling against each other and all tugging the federal head, will soon bring ruin on the whole.† While the Annapolis Convention failed to accomplish its purpose, the delegates’ recommendations were adopted by the U.S. Congress. Eight months later, on May 25, 1787, the Philadelphia Convention convened and succeeded in creating the present U.S. Constitution.

Public Administration in Northern Ireland Essay

Public Administration in Northern Ireland - Essay Example (2) A brief time line of RPA 2002 RPA was initiated 2003 RPA consultation was launched 2004 The consultation finished 2005 In august, second stage started, in September second stage closes, in November lord rooker denounced results of RPA process. 2006 June 2006 a briefing by NICVA [Northern Ireland Council for Voluntary Action], In December Gavin Boyd appointed Chief Executive Designate of Education and Skills Authority. (3) 2007 In July a review of local government's issues of RPA was launched by environmental minister. 2008 13th march Forster, environmental minister, explained the possible future shape by creating more 11 local governments keeping the already existing 26. (2) Why is it so late to implement RPA Considering the above-stated facts, one can understand the huge task which was initiated in 2002 and termed as RPA [review of public administration] is far better fitted in theory than in practice. It is almost impossible to meet the time frame and maintain harmony with all these councils, local governments and with the departments keeping the system of checks balances intact. Some factors are highlighted here. Timeframe which is not enough for RPA Possible lack of Co-ordination between different departments. Weak legislative support is another reason A must need of agreed framework of execution of RPA. The sharing of responsibilities between local councils and community and organizations within the RPA boundary is not that easy task. The separation of tasks and efficiency checking program is still unclear by the departments causing further delay. Conclusion Though RPA offers a good opportunity for local governments and organizations to propagate in public sectors, yet, the...(1) All these reforms are to be implemented through councils, community planning, primary care-led commission groups and various other tools to help public administration working in practise and not just theory for the welfare of the people. But the provided timeframe for such huge alteration of administrational structure and making it efficient is clearly too short for undergo these changes practically. Considering the above-stated facts, one can understand the huge task which was initiated in 2002 and termed as RPA [review of public administration] is far better fitted in theory than in practice. It is almost impossible to meet the time frame and maintain harmony with all these councils, local governments and with the departments keeping the system of checks balances intact. Some factors are highlighted here. Though RPA offers a good opportunity for local governments and organizations to propagate in public sectors, yet, the uncertainty and confusion it brought over years can not be ignored and immediate steps must be taken to make the slow process fast. The review of public administration in Northern Ireland, initiated in 2002, aimed at particular and specified targets achievement factor to enhance efficiency and improvement in public sector involving Health, Education, Finances, legislative, executive co-ordination and

Consulting for Entertainment Weekly Q.4 Case Study

Consulting for Entertainment Weekly Q.4 - Case Study Example In this case, it can be observed that Disney started distributing videocassette and gave Lee the residue amount of 125% as agreed. However, Lee was dissatisfied because she felt that Lee was violating the contract. Disney defended himself by asserting that it is their policy not to allow profit sharing on voice participation deals. In addition, Disney gave evidence from other people who they had entered the contract with to substantiate his argument. Therefore, based on this case it can be observed that Lee was not aware that the agreement allowed Disney to make profits by distributing any other innovation such as cassettes recording. In addition, the contract was aimed at protecting Disney because it gave him absolute right of ownership on the recording (Bouckaert and Boudewijn, p.28). The testimony affects the interpretation of the parties’ intent on entering into the contract in that it violated one of the elements of a valid contract which states that for a contract to be valid there must be an intention of the contracting parties to create a binding relationship. In this case, there was no binding relationship between the two parties. This is because Disney had an absolute right over Lee. In addition, Disney was not willing to create a binding relationship that could have been enforced by the law (Ryan, Daniel, p.8). Ryan, Daniel P. Essential Principles of Contract and Sales Law in the Northern Pacific: Federated States of Micronesia, the Republics of Palau and the Marshall Islands, and the United States Territories. New York: universe, 2005.

History of Drug Testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History of Drug Testing - Essay Example To start with, the war against use of illicit drugs began in the ancient times of civilization and passed on from one generation to another. According to the Drug Policy Alliance, the first anti-opium laws formulated in the 1870s showing that even in the early days, governments were concerned on the welfare of citizens (1). The regulatory authorities took the responsibility of ensuring that the prevalence and use of illicit drugs was minimized among the citizens. However, it is during the reign of President Nixon that war against illicit drugs in the U.S. heightened. President Nixon increased the war against drugs by increasing and expanding the federal drug control agencies (The Drug Policy Alliance [DPA] 1). Subsequent American presidents also advocated for the war against drugs. For example, President George W. Bush allocated more money than ever to the war against drugs and further introduced drug testing to students (DPA 1). Because of government efforts in the fight against illicit drugs, drug testing became popular and various testing techniques introduced to facilitate the work of anti-drug agencies. One of the significant drug test technique introduced is the Marquis test. Marquis test is a simple and cost effective technique used to test for the presence of psychoactive drugs and further determine the chemical content (Erowid 1). The technique is effective because it distinguishes between â€Å"amphetamine and its ring substituted analogues† (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 18). The Marquis test is used by the law enforcement agencies to detect the presence of drugs on suspected criminals easily because it offers immediate results through color changes. Considering the mechanism of operation, Marquis Test utilizes the Marquis Reagent which is a chemical mixture made up of sulfuric acid and formaldehyde (Erowid 1). The Marquis Reagent, used to make ecstasy-testing kits, produces the results through

Factors Affecting Hand Washing Compliance

Factors Affecting Hand Washing Compliance Factors Affecting the Compliance of Hand Washing Among Healthcare Workers in a Long-term Care Facility in Los Angeles, California Noela Gadingan Samantha Tweeten, PhD Healthcare workers deal with different types of patients every day. Every patient has their own microorganisms that contributed to the development of their diagnosis. Hand hygiene plays a critical role especially among healthcare workers as they deal with not only one but several patients. Hand washing is vital in the prevention of the different hospital acquired infections or also known as the nosocomial infections. The increasing incidence of nosocomial infection is very alarming knowing that there are many organizations such as the Joint Commission and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention who exert effort to implement the guidelines of hand hygiene among healthcare workers. A research article on a survey on hand washing practices and opinions of healthcare workers shows that healthcare workers knew the importance and benefits of hand washing, but still, they tend to overestimate their own compliance. It also shows that healthcare workers were more concerned on the different interventions that would make hand washing easier (Harris et al., 2000). Another research article on hand hygiene compliance rate in the United States of America presented a 12-month multicenter collaboration where researchers measured the product usage and provided feedback about hand washing compliance to assess the hand washing compliance rates in the United States of America. The result shows that the rate of hand washing among healthcare workers is still at or below 50%; the researchers suggest that with the combination of monitoring and providing feedback, compliance rate would increase (http://ajm.sagepub.com.ezproxy.nu.edu/content/24/3/205). The researcher of this study chose this topic because there are many programs and organizations that exerted efforts, time, and money to implement hand washing, yet there are still incidences of non-compliance. The topic on hand washing seems is common and seems to be easy yet ignored by some individuals. As a result, there are a lot of unanswered questions on the aspects of hand washing compliance. The increasing incidence rate of nosocomial infections among the patients provides a significant reason to conduct this research study. Healthcare providers are expected to care, cure, and help patients achieve a quality of life; thus, hand washing should not be a want but rather a need. However, there are some knowledge gaps that still need answers and limitations that may not have given a complete solution to address this issue. The purpose of the study is to know the different factors that affect the compliance among healthcare workers in a long-term care facility in Los Angeles California and to assess the knowledge and attitude of the healthcare workers concerning the practice of hand washing. The hypothesis is that there are several factors affecting the compliance of hand washing among healthcare workers, such as lack of awareness, lack of education on the importance of hand washing, personal attitude of healthcare workers, and insufficient supply of hand washing materials. The researcher believes that through knowing the different factors that affect the compliance of hand washing among healthcare workers, it would give benefits not only among individuals but also to the community and society as a whole. Individuals, both patient and healthcare providers, protect themselves from different infectious diseases knowing that proper hand washing is the universal precaution. It would also help build a healthy community if there will be an absence or decrease incidence of infectious diseases. To the society as a whole, it would help in developing appropriate planning to identify the different solutions that would address the different factors identified. It would contribute to the different healthcare organizations and health policy makers to implement suitable actions and would hopefully achieve 100% compliance among healthcare workers and decreasing incidence rate of nosocomial infections among patients. Review of Literature A research study by assessed the knowledge, attitude, and practice of hand washing among healthcare workers in Ain-Shams University Hospital and had an inspection of 10 wards on that hospital for facilities needed for hand washing (Elaziz, 2009). A cross-sectional study was being conducted from the period of June until November 2006. For the data collection of this study, 10 infection control nurses were trained on how to carefully observe hand washing opportunities and to fill out forms needed for the study. There were three research instruments used: observation form on hand washing, form on ward inspection, and, to assess the knowledge and attitudes of healthcare workers regarding hand washing, a self-administered questionnaire was used. The results showed that doctors had a 37.5% compliance, which is significantly higher compared with the other groups of healthcare workers, but only 11.6% executed the proper hand washing correctly. Routine hand washing, which is 64.2%, was the mo st common type of hand washing that is being practiced among healthcare workers, compared with the antiseptic hand washing, which is only 3.9%. In addition, inadequate supply of paper towels was identified as another factor. Nurses were identified to have more knowledge on hand washing compared with doctors. They believed that to increase the compliance on hand washing, administrative orders and a continuous observation as well must be implemented. The researchers of this study suggested that to give solution to theses factors that affect the compliance of hand washing, there should be an implementation on multifaceted interventional behavioral hand hygiene program that would monitor and provide performance feedback, an increase in hand washing supplies, and an institutional support. McGuckin, Waterman, and Govednik (2009) studied on hand hygiene compliance rates in the United States of America. Their study is a 1-year multicenter collaboration with the use of a product/volume usage measurement. All healthcare facilities were offered the measurement program. The only criteria for enrollment that was used in the study was the site’s willingness to submit the monthly summaries of the volume of the product usage and patient bed days to a more secure protected database that is important in generating, measuring, and benchmarking reports. The sites that were enrolled were encouraged to make use of the reports in giving feedback to the healthcare workers. They received as well an implementation manual, and they would also receive a support from the researchers of the study in implementing the program at their site. The researchers made use of three reported methods of measuring the hand washing compliance. These are as follows: direct observation, healthcare wor kers self-reporting, and an indirect calculation based on the product usage of hand washing. The results showed that hand washing compliance in an intensive care unit were 26% and 36% for non-ICUs. Meanwhile, after 12months of measuring the usage of product and giving feedback, the compliance rate increased to 37% for ICUs and 51 for non-ICUs. However, the compliance rate on hand washing among healthcare workers is at or below 50%. The researchers suggested that to give solution to this, there must be a combination of monitoring and feedback to increase the compliance rate. Aziz (2013) studied on how availability of materials improved the hand hygiene compliance. The annual National Health Survey provides healthcare workers the opportunity to share their opinions on the availability on the materials used in hand washing. There were three community buildings and 31 wards that were reviewed to assess the availability of materials needed in hand washing, as well as alcohol hand rub located on wards and at entrances. The results showed based on the audit that in 30 out of 34 areas, the availability of hand washing materials was good. Both staffs in ward and in community emphasized what other materials were required for hand washing. After knowing the inadequacies, steps were made to provide these. The audit carried out made the practice of hand washing to be benchmarked across the trust and enhanced the awareness of the staff on the importance of hand washing. Therefore, as a result of this, compliance of hand washing among healthcare workers increased from 80% to 95%. A survey on hand washing practices and opinions of healthcare worker was conducted (Harris et al., 2000). The research instrument that was used in this study is a 74-question survey that was given to healthcare workers in two tertiary care hospitals. The result of the study shows that healthcare workers knew the importance and benefits of hand washing, but still, they tend to overestimate their own compliance. It also shows that healthcare workers were more concerned on the different interventions that would make hand washing easier. The different literature review from the four researches provide an explanation to conduct further studies to enhance the compliance rate of hand washing practices among healthcare workers. Alhough there are many studies conducted previously from different researchers, there is still a need to know more on the different factors why we cannot achieve a 100% compliance among the healthcare workers who were known to care and cure the sick. Methods The participants of the study are the healthcare workers, which includes the following: doctors, nurses, nursing assistants, and therapists. It will include both male and female, all types of ethnicity, and age. They must be a current employee in a long-term care facility. This research study will make use of a cross-sectional study design that will be conducted in a long-term care facility in Los Angeles in a period of 2years. The researcher will conduct a study observation where different areas in the healthcare facility will be checked. The observation will be carried out where healthcare workers usually do invasive procedures, have personal contact with the patients, and perform non-invasive procedures such as taking the vital signs of the patients and obtaining specimen for the laboratory, during waste disposal. For the data collection, it will make use of the same process that was carried out on the research study by Elaziz (2009). In collecting data, there will be two infection control nurses who will be trained on doing the hand washing observation and in filling out the observational and ward inspection form. In a covert manner, the nurses that were trained will fill out the observational form, which records whether hand washing was carried out or not and if it is carried out appropriately or not. He or she will also record the type of hand washing that was carried out by the person observed and note what type of errors that was committed when it was done incorrectly. In checking the availability of the hand washing materials, which include soaps, sinks, towels, drying materials, and hand washing posters and guidelines, a ward inspection form will be filled up. There will be three research instruments that will be used in gathering the data for this research study. The same research instruments that were used by Elaziz (2009) in her study will be used. The three research instruments are observation form of hand washing, form for ward inspection, and, to know whether there is lack of awareness and education and whether a problem on healthcare workers attitude is a factor, a self-administered questionnaire will be used as part of the research instrument. The self-administered questionnaire would assess whether lack of awareness and education, and personal attitude among healthcare are factors affecting the compliance on hand washing. The questionnaire to assess for lack of awareness and education will include different questions covering different aspects of hand washing practices, including the use of time, proper execution, and materials needed for hand washing. A Likert scale will be used in assessing the attitude of healthcare workers. Th e program that will be used for data entry, checking, and analysis will be the Statistical Package for Social Science. For the ethical consideration, the approval of the design and the different steps of the study were conducted with the different members of the infection control unit in a long-term care facility in Los Angeles, California. This study will prepare informed consent forms that will provide prospective study participants information regarding the research. The observation of hand washing practices among healthcare workers is already considered as a routine checking of infection control activities by the infection control nurses. The bias that may include in this study is information bias because participants may not provide honest answers to appear in compliance to the guideline on proper hand washing. Another bias that might happen is the measurement bias when a research cannot control for the effects of the data collection and measurement, knowing that self-administered questionnaire is one of the types of the research instrument used in this study The limitation of the study will include the possible biases that might be present especially in the data collection process, which will affect the credibility and reliability of the result of the research study, and the time and resources in conducting this research study. References Aziz, A. (2013). How better availability of materials improved hand-hygiene compliance. British Journal of Nursing, 22(8), 458–463. Elaziz, K. (2009). Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of hand washing among health care workers in Ain Shams University hospitals in Cairo. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene, 50(1), 19–25. Harris, A. D., Samore, M. H., Nafziger, R., Rosario, K. D., Roghmann, M. C., Carmeli, Y. (2000). A survey on hand washing practices and opinions of healthcare workers. Journal of Hospital Infection. doi: 10.1053/jhin.2000.0781 McGuckin, S., Waterman, R., Govednik, J. (2009). Hand hygiene compliance rates in the United States—A one-year multicenter collaboration using product/volume usage measurement and feedback. American Journal of Medical Quality. doi: 10.1177/1062860609332369

Failure In Ethan Frome :: essays research papers

The main theme of the book Ethan Frome is failure. It is shown in three ways throughout the story: Ethan's marriage, him not being able to stand up to Zeena, and his involvement in the "smash up". Ethan marries Zeena so he won't be alone after his mother dies. She seemed like a very cheerful, vivacious person while his mother was sick. After their marriage all this changed. She became a very nagging, sick wife. Because of Zeena's "complications" they had to hire someone to help around the house. Mattie, Zeena's cousin, needed a place to live and seemed fit for the job. She moved in and Ethan took and immediate liking to her. He found someone that cared for him, was always happy, and could share his youth. All of which, Zeena was incapable of doing. Ethan longed to be with Mattie, but he was loyal to Zeena. Being married to Zeena was Ethan's first failure. Ethan's second failure was not standing up to Zeena. She claimed the doctor said that she was extremely sick and needed more help around the house. She told him without any discussion that Mattie had to go. Ethan could not find the words to make her alter her decision. Zeena also decided that Mattie had to leave the next day. It was stated in the book that Zeena had the upper hand in the house by the line "Now she [Zeena] had mastered him [Ethan] and he obeyed her." Ethan could not find the right things to say, and it was because of his failure of not being able to stand up to his wife that he was going to lose the only thing that made him happy. Ethan's last failure was the way he modified his and Mattie's lives regarding the "smash up". He wanted to run away with Mattie, but he could not because his practical sense told him it was not feasible to do so. Mattie wanted so desperately to be with Ethan that she suggested in order to stay together forever, to die together. It was Ethan's job to steer into the tree with the sled so that it looked like an accidental death.

Pearl

Word Mastery Apprehensive- having awareness or knowledge of something Benign- showing kindness and gentleness Collusion- secret agreement or cooperation especially for an illegal or deceitful purpose Countenance- calm expression Divert- to turn from one course or use to another Glimmer- to appear indistinctly with a faintly luminous quality Goad- something that urges or stimulates into action Immune- marked by protection Lament- to express sorrow, mourning, or regret for often demonstratively Monotonous-uttered or sounded in one unvarying tone: dull Getting it Straight-Answer all of these questions.Complete sentences Chapter 4 1. In the description of the pearl buyers, what do we find out about the market in Kino's village? The market is fixed. The buyers get together and set prices to cheat the village men. 2. What happened when Kino went to sell his pearl? The pearl buyer told him it was a curiosity, not a valuable pearl. He offered Kino 1,000 pesos. When Kino disagreed, three othe r buyers were brought in; each one said it was of little value. It is made obvious to the reader that the buyers had arranged their prices earlier. Kino says he will go to the capitol instead of dealing with these buyers. . Juan Tomas says to Kino, â€Å"You have defied not the pearl buyers, but the whole structure, the whole way of life. I am afraid for you. † What does he mean? No one of the village men had ever gone against the buyers. No one had â€Å"taken on city hall,† so-to-speak. It was not Kino's place to try to do better. He was just a lowly village man; that was his station in life. Now, he was trying to improve his station and would have to have a major conflict in order to do so. Juan Tomas thinks this goes against the laws of nature and that bad things happen when you go against the laws of nature.As I heard it put once, â€Å"Little fish don't eat big fish. † 4. Again at the end of the chapter, Juana wants to throw away the pearl because it is ev il. What evil thing happened? Kino is attacked again. This time he is hurt worse than the first time. Chapter 5 1. Where did Juana go early in the morning? Juana tried to sneak out with the pearl to throw it away. 2. What did Kino do when he figured out where she went? He went after her, took the pearl away, and (in the process) beat and kicked Juana. 3. What happened to Kino up the beach through the brush line on the path? He was attacked again.This time he was badly injured, and he killed a man. He thought he lost the pearl, but (ironically) Juana found it again in the path. 4. What happened to their hut while they were away? Someone had gone in searching for the pearl. It was a total wreck, and then someone set fire to it. 5. Why did they leave the village? They left the village because Kino had killed a man. They did not think that, given Kino's recent upsetting of authority, anyone would believe the man was killed in self-defense. Chapter 6 1. What â€Å"songs† does Kino hear on the first part of their journey?He hears the music of the pearl and the quiet melody of the family. 2. What made the music of the pearl become â€Å"sinister in his ears, interwoven with the music of evil? † Kino looked at Coyotito's face. We assume that means he thought of the evil of the scorpion and his distrust of the doctor. 3. What happens to Coyotito? Coyotito cries. The tracker shoots towards the sound, towards the cave where Juana and Coyotito are hiding, and the shot hits and kills Coyotito. 4. What happens to the trackers? Kino kills the trackers. 5. What happens to Kino and Juana? They return to the village with their dead baby. 6.What do they do with the pearl? They throw it away. 7. What does the return of Kino and Juana and their throwing away the pearl mean symbolically? It means that Kino has given up his dream, his hope for a better future for himself and his family. He has lost in his conflicts with man and nature. It appears as though Juan Tomas w as right. Delving in- Answer all question in bold and choose any two to answer 1. Why does the music of the pearl change? The â€Å"Music of the pearl† changes when Kino thoughts and senses change about the pearl. 2. Why does Kino come to feel that he will lose his soul if he gives up the pearl?Kino comes to feel that he will lose his soul if he gives up the pearl. Kino thinks the pearl is his soul. Kino has become so obsessed with the pearl that nothing else matters. His soul and faith is to making his dream come true, of moving in to a upper class and his son having an education. His soul –has the pearl to make his dream come true. It is all that holds him to life and hold his great future of his desire. 3. Why does Tomas help Kino? Tomas help Kino because he cares for Kino and his family. Tomas want to protect them from danger. Also Tomas want help put less stress for family with the entire stressful problem that has come.Furthermore Tomas pity them for all going on . Lastly, it the culture to help your family member: who needs help. 4. Why does Juana feel the event s the following the pearl’s discovery may all have been an illusion? The pearl’s discovery may all have been an illusion. Juana understands the terrible cost of Kino's having found the Pearl of the World. For, it is an uncertain world in which they now live. The dream of a better life for his son using has become now only a dream that is dark, with evil hidden around them. But the pearl was thought to be all good didn’t come to the thought being bad.

Free Essays on Stephan King

Stephen Edwin King is one of today’s most popular and best selling writers. King combines the elements of psychological thrillers, science fiction, the paranormal, and detective themes into his stories.1 In addition to these themes, King sticks to using great and vivid detail that is set in a realistic everyday place.2 Stephen King who is mainly known for his novels, has broadened his horizons to different types of writings such as movie scripts, nonfiction, autobiographies, children’s books, and short stories. While Stephen King might be best known for his novels The Stand and It, some of his best work that has been published are his short stories such as â€Å"The Body† and â€Å"Quitters Inc†.3 King’s works are so powerful because he uses his experience and observations from his everyday life and places them into his unique stories. Stephen Edwin King was born in Portland, Maine, on September 21, 1947, at the Maine General Hospital.4 Stephen, his mother Nellie, and his adopted brother David were left to fend for themselves when Stephen’s father Donald, a Merchant Marine captain, left one day, to go the store to buy a pack of cigarettes, and never returned.5 His fathers leaving had a big indirect impact on King’s life. Stephen King recalls how his family life was altered: â€Å"After my father took off, my mother, struggled, and then landed on her feet.† My brother and I didn’t see a great deal of her over the next nine years. She worked a succession of continuous low paying jobs.†6 Stephen’s first outlooks on life were influenced by his older brother and what he figured out on his own. While young Stephen and his family moved around the North Eastern and Central United States. When he was seven years old, they moved to Stratford, Connecticut.7 Here is where King got his first exposure to ... Free Essays on Stephan King Free Essays on Stephan King Stephen Edwin King is one of today’s most popular and best selling writers. King combines the elements of psychological thrillers, science fiction, the paranormal, and detective themes into his stories.1 In addition to these themes, King sticks to using great and vivid detail that is set in a realistic everyday place.2 Stephen King who is mainly known for his novels, has broadened his horizons to different types of writings such as movie scripts, nonfiction, autobiographies, children’s books, and short stories. While Stephen King might be best known for his novels The Stand and It, some of his best work that has been published are his short stories such as â€Å"The Body† and â€Å"Quitters Inc†.3 King’s works are so powerful because he uses his experience and observations from his everyday life and places them into his unique stories. Stephen Edwin King was born in Portland, Maine, on September 21, 1947, at the Maine General Hospital.4 Stephen, his mother Nellie, and his adopted brother David were left to fend for themselves when Stephen’s father Donald, a Merchant Marine captain, left one day, to go the store to buy a pack of cigarettes, and never returned.5 His fathers leaving had a big indirect impact on King’s life. Stephen King recalls how his family life was altered: â€Å"After my father took off, my mother, struggled, and then landed on her feet.† My brother and I didn’t see a great deal of her over the next nine years. She worked a succession of continuous low paying jobs.†6 Stephen’s first outlooks on life were influenced by his older brother and what he figured out on his own. While young Stephen and his family moved around the North Eastern and Central United States. When he was seven years old, they moved to Stratford, Connecticut.7 Here is where King got his first exposure to ...

Organ donation justifies prioritizing the rights of the liv essays

Organ donation justifies prioritizing the rights of the liv essays My value premise will be that of justice, defined by those standards that would be adopted by people if they were behind a veil of ignorance as to their particular situation in society. My first contention is that for many people to live, transplants may be due to save their lives. 10 people die everyday in the United States of America while they are waiting for an organ transplant that never comes. There are over 62,000 Americans that are on an organ transplant waiting list. This list grows rapidly, while the number of donors does not. There has been 20,045 lifesaving transplants in 1997 which 3/5 of them were transplanted by the deceased. This number of transplants for the number of people who do need them does not even out and there must be a change in the system of opt-in or opt-out. This system allows that if there is no specification, no transplant will be preformed, which means another life lost. Justice does not permit the loss of a life towards unjust reason, which is why there must be a correlation between the number of deceased possible donors and the need for transplant. My second contention is that as humans, we have all shared needs. Take personal survival for example. To meet this need we must ensure that our lives and our bodies be taken care of through thorough examinations and evaluations of the quality of life that is served to us. While presumed consent to organ donation after death is justified by ethical principles, the principle of respect for autonomy also justifies presumed consent ...

Google (unionization) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Google (unionization) - Essay Example The only indication of employee unrest surfaced on one occasion when Google employees discovered that the Company had been secretly monitoring their activities using concealed cameras on desktop PCs.(Khouieri,2007) but this was easily and quickly dissipated with an offer of increase in pay. From the perspective of key stakeholders however, the lack of unionization is beneficial, especially because it ensures that company operations are unlikely to be held up for too long due to strikes or similar collective action by employees. In a global online environment, that requires constant employee input in updating and maintaining sites and processing applications, any hindrance in the continuous progression of work could be disastrous and affect consumers, advertisers and Google’s partners all over the world. In a competitive environment, consumers have been increasingly discriminating and demanding, thereby requiring employees to be constantly vigilant in developing new products and services. Employees also need to be vigilant in dealing with problems such as the development of viruses and/or impediments in the smooth operation of software applications associated with Google’s search engine, Adsense programs and other technological applications. A strike by employees brought on by unions demanding higher pay or better working conditions for example, would cause these activities to grind to a halt and adversely affect the interests of consumers, many of whom are heavily dependent upon the online environment in their day to day work activities. Any impediment in the work of employees would also hinder the interests of vendors and suppliers who are liable to lose any cost advantages they may be currently enjoying in their relationship with Google. Where management is concerned, the scope for profits of the Company would also be severely affected, because in a competitive online environment, any impediment to employee inputs could result in

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 21

Marketing - Essay Example In this paper, we will define this product category as clearly as possible and we will then examine it thoroughly. As mentioned in the introduction section, the product category chosen is apparel. Apparel is clothing in general. This could range from t-shirts to dresses to cardigans to skirts to denim wear. Some people may even include under garments in this category but for our purpose, we will only consider outer garments or attire. We will later consider companies who make these, other products and product categories that compete with these also. Outer garments or clothing may range from casual, inexpensive t-shirts to sophisticated, costly and maybe even branded suits. Companies who sell (and/or make) casual clothing include Abercrombie and Fitch, Gap, Guess, Old Navy etc. Companies or designers who sell expensive branded clothing are Armani, Prada, Chanel, etc. There are several others that sell both types of clothing or only one of them that are not mentioned above. The point that I am trying to make is that clothes as a product category is not singular. It has many different branches, as mentioned above. We will mainly consider casual apparel retail products. Another way of further categorizing the clothes category is in terms of gender and also age. For example, some companies provide apparel for women only such as Ann Taylor. Others provide clothing for only men or most retailers sell both men and women apparel. Another sub-category of the apparel product category is clothing in terms of age, for example, Toddlers, Children, Teenagers. There are retailers that provide one of them or all of them. Some retailers may specialize in providing only apparel for new born babies, toddlers and pregnant women (maternity apparel) such as Mother Care. There are many different retailers in the apparel retail industry in the US. According to a report by Nielsen Net Ratings,

Htm421 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Htm421 - Essay Example 1). There could be other factors that influence food habits and how people from different culture develop a particular preference for food. In this regard, the current discourse aims to present the factors that influence food habits and culture, in general; and specifically in the State of California. In the simplest manner, ordinary people could acknowledge that there are common factors that influence food habits or choices. The factors include: the need to satisfy hunger; availability; income, prices of food, and convenience; advertisements and media; social and traditional practices; personal values and beliefs; and other factors (taste, psychological needs, and culture) (6 Factors That Affect Our Food Choice, 2013; Influences on food choices and food patterns, n.d.). Others categorize factors influencing food habits to be preponderant on social and cultural factors (Cassel, 1957; Latham, n.d.). Some factors are broadly classified according to physical needs, to satisfy the senses, as well as to meet psychological and social needs (Influences on food choices and food patterns, n.d.). From these factors, it could be deduced that these ranges from needs and drives that could be personal, influenced by the family, or the community on a broader context. In terms of psychological factors, there are a broad range of reasons that determine food habits and choices according to personality types. The table below summarizes the personality types, the food preferences, and the psychological reasons for eating; as well as the professional advice: contributory to the establishment and manifestation of food habits, preferences, and choices (Cassel, 1957; Latham, n.d.). Some of these cultural factors include consideration of nutritional value of food, suitability of the land to grow certain crops, knowledge in food technology, and even belief in taboos. For instance, it is emphasized that â€Å"a custom frequently

Interoperability Essay Example for Free

Interoperability Essay Interoperability has been described as the extent in which systems and devices can exchange data and translate that shared information. It is the ability of one system to perform work in addition with other systems without asking for too much hard work from the other users. This system enhances the importance for information technology to make the networks and integrations work. In order for the process to function properly the two systems that are attempting to share information must be able to exchange data and introduce that same information to other users in a way that he or she can understand it. There are many organizations in the business world and many have different operating systems. The importance of interoperability in this aspect is to allow each organization to share important information amongst one another. An example would be if an organization such as Child Protective Services (CPS) wanted to share client information with another Protective Services agency regarding a client both organizations should be able to exchange and translate information amongst coordinating organizations. Child Protective Services Child Protective Services (CPS) is known as major department with the Department of Human Services. CPS supports and maintains the social and economic welfare of children by offering services to children to help protect them from abuse and/or child neglect. The Department of Humans Services in California offers CPS to families. CPS serves as mandated reports as well as an organization to protect children from neglect or abuse within the home, from his or her family, foster home or anyone responsible for the care of the child. The services of CPS are to provide protection to the children, provide resources to enable to child to remain residing in the home under safe and harmless circumstances. Also to remove abused or neglected children from the home and to possibly terminate any parental or guardian rights to ensure that the child will be eliminated from any potential danger or harm. The basic constituent of the process include: providing any and all services to minimize potential harm to children and provide resources to families to help them protect and provide appropriate care to his or her child. Next, is to provide the best services possible to meet each child and families unique needs. Last, taking each allegation  made seriously and assessing the allegations to the best of one’s ability to ensure that if there is any form of abuse or neglect the necessary steps occur in order to protect the child. The services of CPS are to intervene if necessary and protect children until his or her parent is capable to doing so. The most essential aspect of CPS is to recognize the protection of children and to ensure that reasonable efforts are made to maintain children safely in their own home, to reunite the family as soon as the courts see fit or to find permanency for the child if the situation permits for the parental rights to be voided. Other services inc lude mental health, counseling, parenting skills training, medical care/services and adoption services. Methods of Interoperability There are several different methods to implement interoperability. Many organizations have created their own interoperability methods. One of the methods of interoperability is technical interoperability, which is the ability for different technologies to communicate and exchange data-based upon well-defined interface standards. The second is semantic interoperability, which is the ability to each endpoint to communicate data and have the receiving party understand the message in the sense intended by the sending party. The third is policy interoperability, which is the common business policies and processes related to the transmission, receipt and acceptance of data between systems, which a legal framework supports. Advantages and Disadvantages Conclusion Interoperability has been described as the extent in which systems and devices can exchange data and translate that shared information. Interoperability has many advantages and disadvantages. The goal of CPS is to find avenues to execute full backups bi-weekly and this process will be complemented daily. This organization will also implement an extended back up program monthly.

William Harveys Discoveries and Effects on Society

William Harveys Discoveries and Effects on Society The Renaissance, which means rebirth, was a time of much literary and humanistic growth dating from 1350-1600 AD. During this period, scholars and intellectuals alike began to show interest and respect for the arts, literature, science and architecture again. The humanistic growth of this time refers to the scholars of the renaissance, known as Humanists, who put themselves and humankind at the centre of their world and culture rather than God. The Renaissance originated in northern Italy but eventually took over Europe, with clergymen and bishops moving to Italy to study   what was known as the New Learning. The invention of the printing press during this time also meant that books could be mass produced, quickly and cheaply for the first time, making them more widely available to humanists and those in the public that could afford such commodities. This led to increased learning in this time, which in turn led to great scientists and scholars being born who changed the way we loo k at the world, even today. (colaisteeanna.ie, 2011) William Harvey, alongside Galileo, Kepler and Bacon was a very important individual in the advancement of science in the renaissance period, who is credited today as being one of the most influential English physicians in history. He is mostly known for his research into the circulatory system and was the first person to discover and accurately describe how blood was transported throughout the body by the heart. Harvey was known for never fearing to go beyond what science had accepted in his time and for pushing the boundaries of Renaissance science, never having any fear to experiment on things that would be considered major taboos at the time. His exploits however would lead to the public and other physicians to write off his work completely. William was born in Folkstone, Kent, England in the year 1578 to Thomas and mother of nine, Joane Harvey. Williams father, Thomas, was quite a successful merchant who would go on to become the mayor of his town which meant that William lived a quite comfortable life growing up. As a child and young teen Harvey was taught the classics and latin, which would later aide him in his ventures to Europe where Latin was widely used for academic work. In 1597, Harvey attended Gonville and Caius College in the University of Cambridge where he studied and completed a bachelors degree. Upon completing his degree, Harvey thought it best to move on to study medicine in the highly prestigious University of Padua in northern Italy. At the time Italy was known to be one of the great centres of intellectual activity in Europe. It was in Padua that Harvey would go on to study and be tutored under the great and famous surgeon and scientist Hieronymus Fabricius. Fabricius was a dedicated anatomist who wa s revolutionising medicine in the renaissance period who had discovered that veins in the human body contained valves, although to use of these valves were unknown to him. His beliefs in the workings of scientists such as Galen were so strong that he didnt want to challenge these views which meant that Fabricius would never go on to further his studies in this area. Fabricius discovery would later inspire Harvey to further these studies. Harvey would then go on to receive the degree of M.D from the University of Padua in 1602, where on his diploma it was written [Harvey] had conducted himself so wonderfully well in the examination, and had shown such skill, memory and learning that he had far surpassed even the great hopes which his examiners had formed of him. They decided therefore that he was skilful, expert, and most efficiently qualified both in arts and medicineâ‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Famousscientists.org, 2015). He would then go on to return to England to join and perform well in his ex ams at the Royal College of Physicians. During the renaissance period, the scientist and anatomist, Galen, was widely renowned as the greatest physician to ever have lived. Galen believed that the body was made up of bodily fluids called humors, these included blood, yellow bile, black bile and phlegm. Galens views were unanimously agreed upon and people of the time saw these humors in the same way that DNA and genes are viewed in modern science today. For example if somebody was optimistic or positive it would suggest, in Galens teachings, that the humor, blood, was the primary bodily fluid to make up said persons body. The same would be applied for someone who was bad tempered who would be thought to be mostly made up of yellow bile. Although these findings were widely accepted, Galen was never able to prove them outright as at the time, dissecting human bodies was forbidden and was widely believed that it would lead to the dissector not going to heaven upon death. It was these accepted views that would lead future scien tists, such as Fabricius, to not want to challenge Galen or conduct any sort of experiments that would be considered taboo at the time. (World Science Festival, 2014). Although Harvey was very curious and would go on to investigate Fabricius studies further as he was not a believer of this ideology, which meant that he wasnt afraid to conduct experiments such as dissecting and other procedures that would have been considered unthinkable at the time. His practices though, did not come without his critics, who believed in the workings of medieval scientist and anatomist Galen. It would be Harveys eventual rise through the ranks of the college of physicians and his marriage to Elizabeth Browne, daughter of the physician to the queen at the time Elizabeth the First, however, that would give Harvey the time and space needed to conduct his controversial experiments. His marriage into a family of power and his expertise as a fellow physician to his new father in law would lead to him becoming the physician extraordinary to Queen Elizabeths successor, King James the first. Harvey would begin through human dissection to open up arteries and begin to study blood flow and blood like nobody had ever before him. Harveys work was based on a range of experiments and observations, including applying ligatures to arms to compare the flow of blood through arteries and veins and to establish the role of valves and some live experimentation on the hearts and vessels of fish and snakes. (Underhill, 2015)   Harvey also used mathematical data to prove that the blood was not being consumed (Ribatti, 2009). Harvey continued to experiment until he was able to provide concrete evidence to publish for the public to view. In 1628, at the age of 50, Harvey published his findings in latin under the title: Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibusor in English as On the Motion of the Heart and Blood. It provided new evidence on blood circulation for the first time since Galen, who had believed that blood was produced in the liver from food and pumped to the lungs. It has been shown by reason and experiment that blood by the beat of the ventricles flows through the lungs and heart and is pumped to the whole body. There it passes through pores in the flesh into the veins through which it returns from the periphery everywhere to the centre, from the smaller veins into the larger ones, finally coming to the vena cava and right atrium. (Ribatti, 2009) Harveys findings went completely against the works of Galen   which sparked outrage in the scientific community as Galens work was regarded as untouchable at the time. The medical community grew hostile against Harvey and began to send hi m threats and insults. Always a believer of his work though, Harvey would never stop trying to defend his findings. Unfortunately this abuse did not end and his practice began to suffer because of it. Eventually it forced Harvey into isolation where he lived out his life as a recluse to avoid any unnecessary attention on himself. This wasnt the end for Harvey however as a new generation of budding medical students were on the rise, who were ready to disregard old teachings and pursue modern medical studys which Harvey pioneered with his research. Harvey would continue to give lectures to the new generation of scientists, detailing his methods and findings and who would then go on to use these findings and methods in their own research which would eventually make the works of Harvey mainstream, eventually making him into a more influential scientist than Galen, whose work is still used today. His sceptics outrage ended in 1661, four years after Harveys death, when scientist Marcello Malpighi discovered capillaries which finally gave factual evidence and proved Harveys theory of blood circulation. William Harveys discoveries and their eventual acceptance meant that medical practises in general improved greatly during the end of the renaissance period and beyond. His discoveries in the circulatory system and his students further studies into his field allowed for new, more complex operations to take place. This had a big effect on heart surgeons as before Harvey, nobody really knew much about the functions of the heart. This allowed for a greater, although still very low survival rate for cardiac patients as new experimental operative methods were used through trial and error. The next 100 years would prove vital for advancements in cardiac related research as followers and accepters of Harveys work would lead major breakthroughs that have lead up to where modern heart and circulatory surgery is today. To conclude, William Harvey was a very influential scientist who lived in a time and culture where people outright believed the views of medieval medicine. A time where the medical community was unwilling to challenge the views of the greats such as Galen. Harvey showed the scientific community that no matter what your views or stance on a particular science is, that if you keep an open mind you may just be proven wrong in the end. William Harvey was the landmark scientist of modern medicine who paved the way for what we consider modern medicine to be today. Harvey was the inspiration for a whole generation of anatomists and physicians in his time and for future centuries to come. Who to this day is used as the benchmark for how influential a physician can be. Thanks to Harveys willingness to abandon old wisdom and observe and test for himself, we have our modern understanding of physiology. (www.discoveriesinmedicine.com , 2006) References: Harvey, william first, blood, body, Harveys contribution, Harvey publishes his findings (2006) Available at: http://www.discoveriesinmedicine.com/General-Information-and-Biographies/Harvey-William.html. Ribatti, D. (2009). William Harvey and the discovery of the circulation of the blood. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2776239/ Underhill, S. (2015) 6.2 circulation Galen and Harvey. Available at: https://natureofscienceib.wordpress.com/2015/11/18/6-2-circulation-galen-and-harvey/ World Science Festival (2014) Misunderstood geniuses: William Harvey. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7NOU4McjtXs colaisteeanna.ie. (2011). The Renaissance. [online] Available at: http://colaisteeanna.ie/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/History-Revision-The-Renaissance.pdf Famousscientists.org. (2015). William Harvey Biography, Facts and Pictures. [online] Available at: https://www.famousscientists.org/william-harvey/